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That was my point, that the development from the temporal sense to the wider meanings is common among many languages, not only English, but Hebrew, Aramaic, German, and others.  So it should be a surprise to no one that a word meaning "at this time" also has

 these other usages in other languages. and so would be used to translate "vЇatta" in German, English, Spanish, and Aramaic.<br>

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<div><font size="3" face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt">Rabbi Dr. Seth Mandel</span><br>

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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Aharon Gal <galsaba@aol.com><br>

<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, November 13, 2019 9:40 PM<br>

<b>To:</b> Mandel, Seth <mandels@ou.org><br>

<b>Cc:</b> mesorah@lists.aishdas.org <mesorah@lists.aishdas.org><br>

<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Mesorah] KEAN, NA, VE'ATA</font>

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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande">It looks like the word K’AN in is very similar to the word “Now” as described by Merriam-Webster Dictionary:</font>

<div class=""><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_sn x_sense-1 x_a" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-weight:700; line-height:22px; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; orphans:2; widows:2; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span class="x_num" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; left:0px; top:0px">1<span class="x_letter" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; left:33px">a<span class="" style="letter-spacing:0.2px; orphans:2; widows:2; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span class="x_dt" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; display:inline; orphans:2; widows:2; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span class="x_dtText" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline"><font class="" style="font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px; line-height:22px; font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_mw_t_bc" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-stretch:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline">1.

 : </span>At the present time or moment</font><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px; line-height:22px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_mw_t_it" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-stretch:inherit; line-height:inherit; vertical-align:baseline">"Now</span> is

 the time for action".</font></span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px; line-height:22px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_sn x_sense-2" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-weight:700; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_num" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; left:0px; top:0px">2</span></span><span class="" style="letter-spacing:0.2px"></span></font><span class="x_dt" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; display:inline"><span class="x_uns" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_un" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_mdash" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande">2. </font></span><span class="x_unText" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande">Used

 with the sense of present time weakened or lost to express command, request, or admonition</font></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px; line-height:22px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande'; font-size:14px">(“ра</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande'; font-size:14px">”</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande'; font-size:14px; font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px"> in

 Hebrew . адшп)</span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="font-variant:inherit; letter-spacing:0.2px; line-height:22px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline"><span class="x_dt" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; display:inline"><span class="x_uns" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_un" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_unText" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_vis" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_vi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_mw_t_wi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px">"now</span> hear

 this"</font></span></span></span><span class="x_vi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:10px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_mw_t_wi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px">"now</span> you

 be sure to write"</font></span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:10px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_sn x_sense-3" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-weight:700; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_num" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; font-weight:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; left:0px; top:0px">3</span></span><span class="" style="letter-spacing:0.2px"></span></font><span class="x_dt" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; display:inline"><span class="x_uns" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_un" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_mdash" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande">3. </font></span><span class="x_unText" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande">Used

 with the sense of present time weakened or lost to introduce an important point or indicate a transition (as of ideas)</font><span class="x_vis" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_vi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px; font-size:14px"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande"><span class="x_mw_t_wi" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px">"now</span>,

 this may seem reasonable at first"</font></span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande"><br class="">

</font></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><font class="" style="font-size:14px" face="Lucida Grande">Here

 is the complete page:</font></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-size:14px; font-family:'Open Sans',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-style:inherit; color:rgb(34,95,115); box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><span class="x_mw_t_sp" style="box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-style:inherit; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; letter-spacing:0.2px"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.merriam-2Dwebster.com_dictionary_now-3Fsrc-3Dsearch-2Ddict-2Dhed&d=DwMF_Q&c=VTwaeXjOsAHot2hQQ0nozrBJwyviuCtydNuGwYGfYiI&r=e6XbAQdGwcl_5FMtQ-t1eA&m=wvJPT3TvDMzouEmNYav3on_vR_XAG8RxOvBZub2YWm8&s=EgOYJKdQDpookXupUOgjsNBrgRtuv0A5k22TIXd058c&e=" class="">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/now?src=search-dict-hed</a></span></span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-size:14px; font-family:'Open Sans',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-style:inherit; color:rgb(34,95,115); box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><br class="">

</span><span class="x_no-aq x_sents x_ex-sent x_first-child x_t" style="font-size:14px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px; padding-top:5px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; font-variant:inherit; vertical-align:baseline; display:block; letter-spacing:0.2px; padding-bottom:0px!important"><font class="" face="Lucida Grande">Aharon</font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

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<blockquote type="cite" class="">

<div class="">On Nov 12, 2019, at 1:07 PM, Mandel, Seth <<a href="mailto:mandels@ou.org" class="">mandels@ou.org</a>> wrote:</div>

<br class="x_Apple-interchange-newline">

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First of all, let us be precise.  You mean w‘atTO, and not ’atTO or ’OTto.</div>

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The word ‘atTO as a proper adverb has the specific meaning of "now," as opposed to "previously" or "later." That is also the meaning of Aramaic k‘an.</div>

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However, to go further, just look at the English word "now."  Besides its temporal meaning, it is used as a conjunctive preposition, e.g. in a clause like "and now we see that Senator X is not telling the truth." The two words "and" plus "now" mean that in

 almost all languages. It means "in light of what we have said or discussed."</div>

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So "and" plus "now" serves as a conjunctive adverb for the entire clause.</div>

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(See how I pulled a fast one: I began the last sentence with "so," which has the exact same meaning, "in light of what we said.")</div>

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But there are certain syntactical limitations for using the word/phrase in that way:  it has to be at the beginning of the sentence, usually with the vav.  If the word appears elsewhere, it has the normal  adverbial  temporal meaning.</div>

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One needs look no further than p'sukim that one says every day.  All Jewish communities say in P'sukei d'Zimra before starting Chapters 145-150 of Sefer T'hillim a few other p'suqqim.  The second of them is from Psalms 113:2:<br class="">

</div>

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<span class="" style="font-size:12pt; font-family:David,sans-serif" lang="HE">йАдДй щСЕн йАйИ оАбЙшИкА оЕтЗъМИд еАтЗг-теЙмИн</span></p>

It is absolutely clear that the meaning here is the temporal one.</div>

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OTOH, after the end of Chapter 150 of T'hillim, a few p'sukim from various places outside of T'hillim, including the section beginning "Vayvorekh David," 4 psukim from I Chronicles 29:10-13.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">

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The last of those p'suqqim states</div>

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<div class="" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span class="" style="font-family:David,sans-serif" lang="HE"></span><span dir="LTR" class="" style="font-family:David,sans-serif"></span><span dir="RTL" class="" style="font-size:12pt; line-height:17.1200008392334px; font-family:David,sans-serif" lang="HE">еАтЗъМИд

 аБмЙчЕйреМ оеЙгДйн аВрЗзАреМ мИкА, еМоАдЗмАмДйн мАщСЕн ъМДфАаЗшАъМЖкИ</span><span dir="LTR" class=""></span><span dir="LTR" class=""></span><span class="" style="font-size:12pt; line-height:17.1200008392334px; font-family:David,sans-serif"><span dir="LTR" class=""></span><span dir="LTR" class=""></span>.</span><br class="">

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<span dir="RTL" class="" style="font-size:11pt; line-height:15.693333625793457px; font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-size:12pt; line-height:normal" lang="HE"></span></span>If one looks at the section, it is absolutely clear that this is

 the second of the two meanings we mentioned, and should be translated "So/and now/in light of this." Note that the words are at the beginning and have the vav.</div>

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To summarize: in English, as in Biblical Hebrew, as in many other languages, the word "now" is both used in a temporal sense and as a clause modifier "it follows/in light of this."<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">

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Aramaic uses the word "k‘an" in both senses also.  In particular, we find t'shuvos of the G'onim which use the word "k‘an" at the beginning of a sentence clearly in the second meaning, so [excuse the word] it is a real Aramaic usage, not something that only

 Unqulos used for his translation.<br class="">

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The Biblical word "na" has a different considerations and I will leave that for another time.<br class="">

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<div class="x_PlainText"><font class="" size="3" face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-size:12pt">Rabbi Dr. Seth Mandel</span><br class="">

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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" class=""><font class="" style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b class="">From:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mesorah <<a href="mailto:mesorah-bounces@lists.aishdas.org" class="">mesorah-bounces@lists.aishdas.org</a>>

 on behalf of Aharon Gal via Mesorah <<a href="mailto:mesorah@lists.aishdas.org" class="">mesorah@lists.aishdas.org</a>><br class="">

<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Monday, November 11, 2019 8:36 AM<br class="">

<b class="">To:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:mesorah@lists.aishdas.org" class="">mesorah@lists.aishdas.org</a><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:mesorah@lists.aishdas.org" class="">mesorah@lists.aishdas.org</a>><br class="">

<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>[Mesorah] KEAN, NA, VE'ATA</font>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px">I want to have a better understanding about the words NA and ATA in Hebrew, </div>

<div class="" style="margin:0px">Seems to me that NA is not just “now” or just “please”.  </div>

<div class="" style="margin:0px">As for the word ATA, and more “VE’ATA”, based on the pesukim, it sounds in many places as “therefore”, rather than “now”.</div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px">In Vayera “IM NA MATZATI CHEN”, Unkelos translates NA as “Kean”.  “Kean” is known as “now”, but does really Unkelos mean “now”? i am not sure if “kean” is always “now”, and if it is “now” in this pasuk.  </div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px">Also I curious to know why Yonatan Ben Uziel translates NA in this pasuk as “bevau” and “kadun”.  This shows me that NA is not exactly “please” and not exactly “now”.</div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px">I am aware what Rashi says about the word NA, and what the Ibn Ezra says, but their perushim not always work when I try to replace NA with what their explanation.</div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px">On the pasuk “Erda Na ve’er’e ha’ke’tza’a’tah,”, it is hard for me to accept that here NA is “Please”, but also I am not sure that it means “now” .  I don’t see why the adverb “now” is needed here<span class="" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande'; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed">.</span></div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px; font-family:'Lucida Grande'">I am sure people wrote about the word “NA”. I am interested to know what your opinion on this word. More than this, I would like to know what “Kean” is. Seems to me that it is more than “now.</div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px; font-family:'Lucida Grande'">Thanks,</div>

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<div class="" style="margin:0px; font-family:'Lucida Grande'">Aharon</div>

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