<div dir="ltr"><div>.</div><div><<a href="mailto:wolberg@yebo.co.za" target="_blank">wolberg@yebo.co.za</a>> asked several questions about Aruch HaShulchan OC 62:4, who wrote:</div><div>> And therefore at this time it is forbidden to recite the</div><div>> Shema and Tefillah and all brochas except in Hebrew.</div><div><br></div><div>Spoiler alert: I have several problems with this Aruch Hashulchan, and I suspect that (as R' Wolberg suspects), the AhS had ulterior reasons for writing this (such as the inroads that Reform was making via their translations) and could not have really meant it l'halacha. In any case, there are other poskim who do allow translations.</div><div><br></div><div>I will begin by giving my own translation of this section of AhS, so that if anyone disagrees with my understanding of what he said, they can bring it to my attention. I will break it into several numbered pieces for easier reference.</div><div><br></div><div>>>></div><div>1) Know that this [halacha] that Krias Shema and Tefilla may be said in any language - this is certainly when one translates really the entire three sections [of the Shema] and all of the Shmoneh Esreh into the other language. For otherwise, it would not constitute Shema and Tefilla.</div><div>2) According to that, this law does not apply except in the time of the Mishna and Gemara, for they knew our language well, and they were able to translate it.</div><div>3) But now, it is well-known that we have a number of uncertainties in explaining the words, and the commentators are divided about it. For example, how do we translate "totafos"? Similarly, the pasuk "Shema Yisrael" has various explanations even of its simple meaning. Likewise in the section about tzitzis, some explain it [the word "tzitzis"] in the sense of "looking" [from the root tzadi yud tzadi], and some explain it as "going" [from yud tzadi aleph]. Same for the word "p'sil" and many [other words] like it.</div><div>4) Behold, the essential Name of Havay' - we don't know how to translate it correctly! There are those who translate it as Nitzchi [Eternal], and some translate it as Kol-Yachol [Almighty], and there is no translation at all for "Was and Is and Will Be", which is the real Name Havay', so they equate the translation of the Name Havay' with the Name Elokim.</div><div>5) [Here he says something about two very different ways of translating "V'chara af", but I don't understand what he is saying.]</div><div>6) And therefore, nowadays it is forbidden to recite Krias Shema or Tefilla or any brachos except in Lashon Hakodesh, and so have the Geonei Olam paskened for about eighty years now, and this is the bottom-line halacha.</div><div>>>></div><div><br></div><div>The first thing I noticed is that this ability to translate correctly was supposedly lost since Gemara days, but the prohibition of saying translated prayers was less than a century old. If so, how did the Shulchan Aruch (in the section that this very Aruch Hashulchan is commenting on) allow it?</div><div><br></div><div>He is also ambiguous about the exact problem: Is it that our translators lack the skill to translate correctly, or that the foreign languages are incapable of reflecting the many shades of meaning that the original text holds? For example, is the problem that we can't find a word in English to adequately express Hashem's Name, or that no such word exists?</div><div><br></div><div>According to Rashi on Devarim 1:5 and 27:8, Moshe Rabbeinu translated the Torah into 70 languages. I don't doubt that he understood the word "totafos" and was able to translate it well, but did all seventy of those languages contain words that could be used as Hashem's Name to the AhS's satisfaction? All 70 languages had a word that meant Eternal AND Almighty AND Was/Is/WillBe?</div><div><br></div><div>In fact, the AhS seems to contradict himself on this very point. Here's my translation of Aruch Hashulchan OC 202:3:</div><div><br></div><div>1) It seems in my humble opinion that there is an established halacha by which one can get out of any questionable bracha acharona. For example, one is unsure if he said a bracha acharona or not. Or if he *needs* to make a bracha acharona or not. There is a way to extricate himself from this safek.</div><div>2) Namely: We hold that if a person said [in Aramaic]: "Brich Rachamana, Mara Malka d'alma, d'hai pita" [Blessed be God, Lord King of the Universe (and) of this bread], he is yotzay the bracha of Hamotzi, as it is written in [Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim] 167.<br></div><div>3) If so, one can say "Brich Rachamana, Mara Malka d'alma, boray nefashos etc. ..." If he was obligated in this bracha, then he is yotzay with this. And if he didn't need this bracha, then he has *not* uttered the Name of Heaven in vain, because there is no mention of the Name at all. Look, you can say "Rachamana" a hundred times!</div><div>4) Or similar things with other brachos. You should think in your heart that if you need the bracha then it is [being said] for the sake of a bracha; and if not, then it's just talking.</div><div>5) I have done this myself several times when drinking hot drinks.</div><div><br></div><div>The most obvious thing from this section is that the Aruch Hashulchan personally believes that a bracha CAN be said in Aramaic. You might respond that he makes an exception for Aramaic, which is arguably a Lashon Hakodesh. But look again at the AhS's requirements for an adequate translation of Hashem's Name - which is an absolute necessity when saying a bracha - and I don't think "Rachamana" conveys any sense of
"Was and Is and Will Be".</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, what did the AhS 62:4 mean when he wrote about translating "the entire three sections [of the Shema] and all of the Shmoneh Esreh". Why did he specify the whole thing? I suspect that he was trying to preclude someone from a partial translation. For example, one could translate most of the words, and leave the difficult words untranslated, which is almost exactly how ArtScroll handles the cited case of "totafos": "Bind them as a sign upon your arm and let them be tefillin between your eyes."</div><div><br></div><div>If I'm understanding Siman 62 correctly, the AhS wants translation to be all-or-nothing, and since all is not possible, he feels justified in banning all translations. But in Siman 202, a partial translation is exactly what he is doing, by translating the initial words of the bracha, and then continuing with the regular Hebrew text.</div><div><br></div><div>By the way, it seems that Rav Moshe Feinstein agrees that a translation must be all-or-nothing. See Igros Moshe OC 4:40:27, which is two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, he rejects the AhS's suggestion of using Brich Rachamana to get out of problems, precisely because you can't mix languages in that manner. (It's not at all clear to me why we're not allowed to mix languages, but it is very clear that Rav Moshe rejects it.) In the second paragraph he explains that even if one would say the entire bracha in Aramaic, that too would not resolve a safek bracha problem, because whereas the AhS had no compunctions against saying Rachamana a hundred times, *we* are noheg to avoid saying the Name in vain even when translated.</div><div><br></div><div>As an aside, there are several teshuvos in which Rav Moshe explains his views on how to translate Hashem's Name for brachos in other languages. See for example, the last three paragraphs of Igros Moshe Yoreh Deah 1:272, where he explains that every language has a word that its speakers have assigned to being G-d's Name, and that in Aramaic, that word is Rachamana, "and even if it might come from Rachum, nevertheless, they made and established it as the Name. ... And if so, in the foreign languages common among us, only the name Gott is a Name, and not Eibershter and such. ... And in English it is specifically the name God." According to Rav Moshe, whatever is used *as* His Name *is* His Name, without any need to include concepts like
"Was and Is and Will Be".</div><div><br></div><div>Akiva Miller</div></div>