<div dir="ltr">R' Eli Turkel mentioned 3 practices that are common in chu"l but not in Eretz Yisrael:<div style>1. Davening both mincha and maariv between pelag and sheki'ah on Fridays</div><div style>2. Davening maariv, during the week, right after shekiah</div>
<div style>3. Waiting until 3 small stars are visible before ending the minor fasts</div><div style><br></div><div style>My comments on these 3 items:</div><div style><br></div><div style>1. There are acharonim (albeit not the Mishna Berura) who allow this lechatchila, and hold that the special heter to daven maariv early on leil Shabbos has nothing to do with siding with R' Yehuda regarding the latest time for mincha. That being said, I assume the practical reason that diaspora communities are more likely to rely on these opinions is that in chu"l, unlike in EY, most people are working on Friday afternoons, and while they would like to make Shabbos early, they don't have the luxury of coming home on time to be all ready for Shabbos and in shul for mincha before pelag. Keep in mind that in Teaneck (latitude 41 degrees N), and even more so in Vienna (48 degrees N), the amount of time between pelag (according to the Levush, Gra, etc.) and sheki'a in the spring/summer is greater than it is in EY.</div>
<div style><br></div><div style>As an aside, "early Shabbos" in general is far less popular in EY than it is in the northern U.S. and Europe. I have no solid statistics, but my theory is that is largely an Anglo import, and exists primarily in Anglo-heavy neighborhoods. (Even in my relatively Anglo-heavy neighborhood, the early minyan is far less crowded than the "regular time" minyan, whereas I recall the opposite being the case in the U.S.) As to why it didn't catch on in EY to the same extent, this is probably partially because even at its latest (the last few weeks), Shabbos never gets as late (on our clocks) in EY as it does at more northern latitudes. Also, trends (and minhagim) are built up over decades, and with the exception of 2.5 years, there was no Daylight Saving Time in Israel from 1958 through 1983. Going back further, when the Yishuv haYashan used the "sha'on Eretz Yisrael" ("Arab clock") that reset itself every day at sunset, Shabbos was perceived as starting at the same time throughout the year! After decades of nobody having any *need* to daven maariv early on leil Shabbos, it is no surprise that many communities and poskim felt that was not the minhag hamakom in EY to do so, even once Daylight Saving Time was reinstituted.</div>
<div style><br></div><div style><br></div><div style>2 & 3. In general, the gemara's shiur of 3/4 mil for bein hashemashos is not on the radar screen as something relevant for practical use in the more northern latitudes. This is probably because the difference between this amount of time (13.5 or 17 minutes after sunset) and when you can actually see stars is more pronounced, so it's just not used. (Presumably, the assumption -- whether correct or not -- is that this shiur was *not* meant to be adjusted for latitude and season by being understood as whenever the sun is 5.3 degrees below the horizon.) So the "Shabbos ending" time is taken to be tzeis hakochavim for all purposes. On the one hand, this can lead to leniencies -- since it's not practical for people to wait around in shul for 45 minutes between mincha and maariv (as opposed to 20 minutes, which is doable), they might as well daven right away at sheki'ah. It can also lead to stringencies, as in the case of the time a fast is over.</div>
<div style><br></div><div style>-- D.C.</div></div>