<div dir="ltr">The standard Persian cronolgy is<div><br></div><div>Cyrus - Cambysis (son)</div><div><br></div><div>Darius - Xerxes (son) - Artaxerxes (son).</div><div style>Darius usurps the crown and as Lisa points out the exact events are murky.</div>
<div><br></div><div>These events are noted in various writings on walls and other writings that survived</div><div>(see for example <span class="" style="font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold;line-height:20px"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415552796/ref=ox_sc_act_title_1?ie=UTF8&psc=1&smid=ATVPDKIKX0DER" style="text-decoration:initial"><font color="#000000">The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period</font></a><font color="#004b91"> </font></span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Arial;line-height:20px"></span><span class="" style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(102,102,102);line-height:20px">- by Amélie Kuhrt)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></span></div><div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Lisa writes</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><<Chazal actually don't say much about how long Darius and Cyrus reigned.>></span></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">However they give the total Persian rule as 54 years</font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">standard chronolgy says Darius I ruled from 522 to 486 BCE (36 years)</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">including the battle of Marathon</font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">Lisa and I both seem to agree that his son Xerxes was Achashverosh. This means Achasverosh</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">was the son of Darius and not the father of Darius as chazal seem to state.</font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">In any case if Achashverosh is the son of Darius I then he reigned after the Temple was rebuilt in the days of Darius</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">Xerxes reigned from 486 to 465 (21 years) and was murdered by a bodyguard.</font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">Also spent much time fighting the Greeks</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">from Wikipedia</font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19.1875px">After the military blunders in Greece, Xerxes returned to Persia and completed the many construction projects left unfinished by his father at Susa and Persepolis. He built the Gate of all Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis, which are the largest and most imposing structures of the palace. He completed the Apadana, the Palace of Darius and the Treasury all started by Darius as well as building his own palace which was twice the size of his father's. His taste in architecture was similar to that of Darius, though on an even more gigantic scale.</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:19.1875px">He also maintained the Royal Road built by his father and completed the Susa Gate and built a palace at Susa.</span></div>
<div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11px;line-height:10.828125px"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">both Darius and Xerxes left many inscriptions detailing their various battles</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Artaxerxes ruled from 465 to 424 (41 years). He is named on an inscription in a building in Susa.</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Thus the reigns of these 3 kings is from 522 to 424 approximately 100 years and doesnt include Cyrus and Cambysis.</span></font></div><div style>
<font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Again as mentioned many times Artaxerxes is mentioned in Ezra and Nehemiah and so seems to conform to standard chronology while Chazal are forced to conflate several kings.</span></font></div>
<div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">In addition Nehemia mentions 6 high priests not including Shimon HaTzaddik.</span></font></div><div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Thus there seems to be a total of at least 8 high priests son after son within 54 years.</span></font></div>
<div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Artscroll tries to explain that Yehishua Cohen Gadol was 100 at the rebuilding of the Temple and that each of his descendants was Cohen Gadol for only a short period before dying.</span></font></div>
<div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Seems highly unlikely.</span></font></div><div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px"><br>
</span></font></div><div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height:10.828125px">Lisa writes</span></font></div><div style><font color="#000000" face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11px;line-height:10.828125px"><</span></font><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">I think it's telling that native is equated to Greek. The Greeks were not native to Persia. The Jews, however, were. We lived there. We were local. >></span></div>
<div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></span></div><div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">I was totally lost by this remark. Again Ezra and Nehemia seem to use the same names as the standard secular chronolgy. Seder Olam Raba is written in EY about 500 years later while the more detailed Gemara statement are about 1000 years after the events.</span></div>
<div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Everyone agrees that the Greek accounts need to be taken with a very large grain of salt both because they were prejudiced and because they didnt use modern historical methods for determining the truth.</span></div>
<div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Nevertheless they present Persian-Greco wars from about 500 to 450 (50 years).</span></div><div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">It is hard to believe they made up battles between themselves and the Persians.</span></div>
<div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">If the entire Persian empire lasted only 54 years then these wars began immediately after the conquest of Babylonia and then immediately following the end of these wars Alexander invaded Persia (implying that the Peloponnesian wars never occurred).</span></div>
<div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></span></div><div style><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Later Persian history is beyond our current interest but is discussed by several contemporary </span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"> Greek historians</span></div>
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<br></h1></div><div><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><font color="#000099" face="'comic sans ms', sans-serif">Eli Turkel</font></div>
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