I don't have direct access to R Keller's article. However, the article, as described by the posters, and some of the posters, are asking (IMHO) the wrong question in regard to the whole controversy.<br><br>After all, the ultimate question is not merely being right or wrong understanding of hazal -but the statement that some things are so wrong that it is forbidden to teach them (or even minut)
<br><br>There are several different questions one could ask about the length and duration of creation.<br>1. What is pshuto shel mikra? That does depend on defining the notion of pshat - but assuming that one is talking about the plain meaning of the words (this is not necessarily the standard Jewish approach - and those who have used it in the past have made statements that are not generally accepted as representing ture"pshat" in the meaning of the actual meaning of the text - even if it is pshuto shel mikra - eg, the rashbam's pshat understanding that the day begins in the morning) , yes, days mean days (but perhaps starting in the morning...)(sphuto shel mikra as being the literal meaning is a very Christian argument - who lack torah shebealpe and drash - , and as others have pointed out, many of the proliteralists are recapitualing and regurgitating Christian arguments)
<br><br>2. How do hazal and rishonim understand the text?<br>Here again, one can come to different conclusions - as there are different sources. Yes, sources can clearly be mustered that there are rishonim who view breshit quasi literally - and a day being 24 hours. There are also other sources.
<br>Now, one can come to a conclusion, based on one's way of learning and inclination, about what one thinks is the mainstream position . My understanding is that R Keller, in his article - tries to show that a literalist position is the mainstream position - and that nonliteralists have a high hurdle to climb. All the citations brought seem to bring specific textual issues that the nonliteralists may have to deal with.
<br>Others have argued about the specifics of the texts and issues However, even if one is willing to concede that R Keller proves this point - (not that I concede it) - within the context of the argument, there are several further steps to prove..
<br><br>3. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that there is mainstream hazal and rishonim support for the literalist position, and that nonliteralists have a high hurdle - does this prove that the literalist position accurately reflects reality - that is a direct reflection on the position we take about aggadot hazal and their statements on history/science - not so pashut (which is why some of the controversy has swirled specifically about this position - and here mainstream hazal and rishonim is by no means clear - (here also the rambam's famous statement about how breshit can be reinterpreted - if the sole issue was the age of the world...) as even the opponents agree- even if current mainstream haredi position is clear - which is why R Feldman's article basically had to argue that the rambam's position on science and hazal is now explicitly rejected and is even now minut - quite difficult for most to swallow...
<br><br><br>4. Is the understanding that one has of what is the mainstream position normative - that is, even assuming, for the sake of argument, that one has proven that the mainstream hazal and rishonim position is for a literalist interpretation, and that this implies that it reflects a correct understanding of reality and truth - does denying it put one out of the fold?
<br><br>Here, the problem is twofold;<br>1) that there are many rishonim and acharonim whose credentials as members in good standing has never been doubted who specifically reject the literalist interpretation - (one only thinks of the tiferet yisrael,and multiple others that others have cited).
<br>Now, there are always disagreements about understandings of any text - and one can argue that all these gdolim are wrong. However, it is (at least it had been) quite difficult to argue that, given their stature, not only are they all wrong - but that the texts are so clear and unequivocal that any rational, knowledgable person with respect for hazal and the mesora would have to agree that they are wrong - essentially the position of those who would ban. Supporting the ban implies being mevaze baale mesora.
<br><br>2) there is a strong tradition (even amongst literalists like the kuzari) that, even if one does not argue for the rationality of torah, torah does not contradict reason - eg, the kuzari argues that there is no good, solid evidence for a world older than 5000 years (his time) - but admits that if there was such evidence, the position and argument would have to be rethought - because nothing in the torah can contradict reason.
<br>For most of us, the current scientific evidence is sufficiently strong and irrefutable (let's not argue whether it is actually irrefutable - not very fruitful - nor for the various reconciliations - just accept that there is a large community of dati people who find the reconciliations proposed fatuous at best - even if one thinks that they are wrong) - that accepting the literalist position requires a position of credo quia absurdum est - which we think (along with the pshat being understood as literal) as a very Christian rather than Jewish position.
<br><br>Meir Shinnar<br><br>