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Shimon Shkop on His 80th Yahrzeit</a>'<br />
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<div class="pf-content"><p>The following article appeared in this week’s
Hamodia, in their Community magazine insert for 8 Marcheshvan 5780. The nicely
formatted PDF proof of the article is available <a
href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/HamodiaRavShimon80th.pdf" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p>
<h1>Torah Sparks<br />
Harav Shimon Shkop, Zt”l</h1>
<h2>Marking his 80th yahrzeit on 9 Marcheshvan</h2>
<p>On the 9<sup>th</sup> of Marcheshvan, 5700, we lost Rav Shimon Yehudah
haKohen Shkop zt”l, making this Thursday (November 7<sup>th</sup>) his
80<sup>th</sup> <em>yahrzeit</em>. Reb Shimon was one of the lights of the
Lithuanian Yeshiva world, becoming famous as a rebbe in Telzhe Yeshiva for
having developed his own style of <em>lomdus</em>, halachic analysis, and
eventually as the Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivas Shaarei Torah, Grodno.</p>
<p>Let me introduce you to Reb Shimon the way I “met” him.</p>
<p>It was the end of the <em>zeman</em>, and we sat down for <em>bechinos.
</em>Before we began, Rav Dovid Lifshitz zt”l asked us all two questions.
First, “Did anyone not sleep at least eight hours last night.” And if you
raised your hand, you were sent back to the dorm. Second, “Who missed
breakfast?” The first time around, some hands went up. Rebbe gave them a few
dollars to take to the cafeteria.</p>
<p>As was his norm in shiur as well, Reb Dovid here was relaying to us a
lesson from his own <em>rebbe</em>, Reb Shimon.</p>
<p>A talmid had arrived at the yeshiva in Grodno after a three day walk. He
left with only a little bit of food, trying to manage off the kindness of any
Jews he would meet along the way. He arrived ready for the <em>bechinah</em>,
worried about the shame of not being accept after all that, and having to
return home.</p>
<p>This talmid walked into the Rosh Yeshiva’s office – Rav Shimon
Shkop’s kitchen. But Reb Shimon asked him only two questions. “The first
question is … When was the last time you had a warm meal?” When the talmid
answed that it had been three weeks, Reb Shimon apologized, “My wife is not
home and I am not much of a cook but I will do my best.” And he prepared the
talmid a meal, with “doubles”! Now the <em>talmid</em> was nervous – the
real <em>bechinah</em> would surely begin. The second question, “When was
the last time you slept on a bed?” He couldn’t remember. So, Rav Shimon
prepared a bed for him to sleep in. The talmid later found out, it was his
own.</p>
<p>A <em>bachur</em> who shows that determination didn’t need a
<em>bechinah</em> to check his skills. Rab Shimon Shkop wanted such a
<em>talmid</em> in his <em>yeshiva</em>.</p>
<h1>Biography</h1>
<p>Rav Shimon haKohein Shkop was born in Toretz, near Minsk in Tishrei 5620
(1859). Biographies of <em>gedolim</em> often speak of their skills at an
early age. It is indicative of the message Reb Shimon passed on to his
<em>talmidim</em> that their biographies emphasize not only young Shimon’s
clear intellect but also his amazing diligence. Native intellectual ability is
a gift from the Creator, but the <em>hasmadah</em>, the drive to study, that
is an accomplishment to record.</p>
<p>At age 12, Shimon precociously joined the yeshiva in nearby Mir for two
years. When he was a bit older and his parents were ready to send him farther
from home, he went to learn under the Netziv, the Rosh Yeshiva of Volozhin.
Rav Chaim Soloveitchik (“Reb Chaim Brisker”), who was only 7 years older
than him, was already running a popular chuburah that was analyzing the
<em>gemara</em> and <em>rishonim</em> using what would come to be called the
Brisker Derech. Reb Shimon joined the chaburah, to become among the first
<em>bachurim</em> exposed to the new <em>lomdus</em>.</p>
<p>Reb Shimon later gave two descriptions of life in Volozhin. On the one
hand, he told of having to tie what was left of his shoes together with rags
to make it through the Lithuanian winter — he lacked even the little money
necessary to pay for shoe repairs. But he also frequently described this
period as one of the happiest. When he and his son Rav Moshe Mordechai, went
to Volozhin, Rev Shimon told him, “See, my son, this is where I sat
engrossed in Torah for six years, night and day, and this was the greatest joy
I had in the world!” Given a chance to learn Torah, such things were simply
unimportant.</p>
<p>Reb Shimon Shkop was twenty-one when he married Leah Eidlewitz, in a
<em>shidduch</em> recommended by the Netziv. The bride’s uncle was Rav
Eliezer (“Leizer”) Gordon, who became the Rosh Yeshiva of Telshe in 5644
(1884). Reb Shimon was twenty-four and Rav Leizer took him on as a <em>rebbe
</em>there.</p>
<p>Rav Shimon adapted Rav Chaim Brisker’s analytic approach to Talmud study
into what <em>talmidim</em> started calling the Telshe <em>derech</em>. During
his eighteen years in Telshe, Reb Shimon’s class became known among the
students of Lithuania as an experience that must be had, attracting guests not
only from the other <em>shiurim</em> but also visitors from other
<em>yeshivos</em>.</p>
<p>It was at Telshe that Reb Shimon grew to prominence, but he had four
positions altogether. Reb Shimon left Telshe after eighteen years to take a
position as the rav of Moltsh. The local yeshiva there had recently closed;
Reb Shimon succeeded in bringing back some of the core students and reviving
it, turning his position into a dual role of <em>rav</em> and <em>rosh
yeshiva</em>. In Bransk in 5667 (1907) Reb Shimon again assumed a dual role
when accepted an offer to become the Av Beis Din in Bransk and then opened a
yeshiva there too. But both the community and the yeshiva dwindled when the
fighting of World War I reached Bransk.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, <em>talmidim</em> trying to reach various <em>yeshivos</em> in
Eastern Europe ended up stranded in Grodno because of their inability to cross
the front. They organized a yeshiva themselves, run largely by
<em>va’adim</em>, committees, of <em>bachurim</em>. They found a home in a
local beis medrash, and attracted a mashgiach ruchani in Rav Yoseif Leib
Nandik, a product of the Novhardok school of Mussar. But no <em>rosh
yeshiva</em>. When fighting broke out between the Soviet Union and Poland,
many fled, which for a yeshiva so only existed so informally, threatened its
survival.</p>
<p>Rav Chaim Ozer Grozhinsky convinced Rav Shimon Shkop to its helm to save
the <em>yeshiva</em>. In 5686 (1925/6) the people of Perstat, a suburb of
Grodno, appointed Rav Shimon their rabbi, and yet again he returned to the
dual role of both town <em>rav</em> and <em>rosh yeshiva</em>. Reb Shimon
remained Rosh Yeshiva in Grodno until his death at the onset of World War II,
aside from a brief time spent in New York.</p>
<p>In 5789 (1928) Rav Shimon Shkop left Grodno for a fundraising trip to the
United States on behalf of the yeshiva in Grodno. While there, Rabbi Dov Revel
invited him to become its Rosh Yeshiva. Reb Shimon accepted, as he dreamed of
following in Rav Yisrael’s Salanter’s footsteps. Teaching Torah in and
training Rabbanim for the largely non-observant atmosphere of American was
much like Rav Yisrael’s work to spread Torah in Prussia and Paris. He took
up the position in the spring of 1929, but he returned to Grodno after less
than a year at the post. Reb Chaim Ozer and the Chafeitz Chaim wrote him
describing how desperately the yeshiva in Grodno needed him back. According to
the family he dropped the plan was simply because Rebbetzin Leah was afraid to
risk their children’s spiritual development in the atmosphere of New York of
that era.</p>
<p>Rav Shimon haKohein Shkop’s magnum opus was Shaarei Yosher. In it, he
discusses complex topics that touch on the foundations of the
<em>halachah</em>’s legal thought, matters of doubt resolution,
<em>chazakos</em> – presumption, testimony, and the like. Reb Shimon also
wrote other works that were published posthumously – Maareches HaKinyanim,
on the laws of acquisition, as well as collections of novella on several
<em>mesechtos</em>.</p>
<p>It was the seventh of Marcheshvan, 5700 (October 22, 1939). The Russian
army was poised to invade Grodno as World War II heated up. Rav Shimon told
his students to flee to the center of Lithuanian Jewry, Vilna, and the yeshiva
closed. He himself was not healthy enough to flee. Two days later, the ninth
of Marcheshvan, Rav Shimon Shkop passed away. <em>Yehi zichro baruch!</em></p>
<h1>Derech haLimmud</h1>
<p>Reb Shimon was one of the first <em>talmidim</em> to learn Brisker Derech.
However, when teaching his own <em>talmidim</em>, he employed a different
style of <em>lomdus</em>.</p>
<p>An epigram you commonly hear when people want to summarize the difference
between the two approaches is, “In Brisk they ask ‘Vos?’ – What? In
Telzh they ask ‘Fahr Vus?’ – Why?” But the difference really goes one
level deeper.</p>
<p>If one were to ask a Brisker what “<em>baalus – </em>property” means,
he would have pointed to the <em>halachos</em> of acquisition and sale, of
theft and inheritance, and so on. Property is defined by the sum total of the
<em>denim</em> of ownership. In Reb Chaim Brisker’s worldview,
<em>halachah</em> is the foundational stratum of reality. He would never ask
“Why?” about a <em>halachah</em> because <em>halachah</em> is the reason
why for everything else.</p>
<p>Reb Shimon gives a different answer (Shaarei Yosher, opening of
<em>shaar</em> 5). He explains that even before we were even given a
<em>halachah </em>at Sinai, there was a legal and moral concept of property.
<em>Halachah</em> doesn’t so much replace our definition of ownership as
much as give us a holier way to relate to a natural concept that is built into
human experience.</p>
<p>The difference is likely because of Rav Shimon Shkop’s Mussar-based
hashkafah. To Reb Shimon, the purpose of Torah is to make us better people, to
refine our <em>tzelem E-lokim</em>. He therefore wouldn’t try to analyze
halachah divorced from the terms of people’s experience, and would be
thinking of the question of how the Jew is impacted by the experience of
following the din in question.</p>
<h1>Hashkafah</h1>
<p>Because Reb Shimon’s <em>derech</em> is tied to the question of
“Why?”, it was natural that he introduced Shaarei Yosher an essay about
“the big picture” – what is the meaning of life and how does Torah help
us achieve it? He wouldn’t discuss <em>dinim </em>without giving its
context.</p>
<p>To Rav Shimon Shkop, Hashem “created us in His ‘image’ and in the
likeness of His ‘structure’, and planted eternal life within us” –
<em>birchas haTorah</em>’s description of the Torah – “so that our
greatest desire would be to benefit others.” After all, Hashem couldn’t
have created the universe for His own needs – He has no needs. Hashem
created in order to have beings to whom He could bestow His Good.
“<em>Vehalakhta bidrakhav</em> – you shall go in His Ways,” living to
benefit others. “<em>Kedoshim tihyu</em> – be holy for I Am Holy” –
consecrate ourselves to benefit others, just as Hashem does. Yes, the
<em>medrash</em> and Ramban talk about “<em>kedoshim tihyu</em>” being
implemented as “<em>perushim tihyu </em>– you shall keep separate”. But
Hashem Himself doesn’t need to stay apart from things to be holy. This is
not the definition of <em>kedushah</em> or emulating Hashem’s
<em>kedushah</em>. We people, who can be distracted, fulfilling the mitzvah of
being holy by stay apart from those things that could detour our drive to be
available to benefit others. And if we do so, then any rest, entertainment, or
spiritual activity we do ends up not just being for ourselves, but part of
that <em>kedushah </em>to better provide good to others.</p>
<p>Reb Shimon doesn’t take this to mean living selflessly. He proves this
from <em>halachos</em> like the case of where two people are in the desert,
and only one of them has water, and only enough for himself. Rabbi Akiva rules
the person should keep the water.</p>
<p>To Reb Shimon, the Torah is about generosity, and generosity comes from
extending, not denying the self. A parent who “sacrifices” for their
children is not acting out of teal self-denial, but because they see
themselves in their children and have a natural willingness to give to that
extended self.</p>
<p>As Rav Shimon himself puts it,</p>
<p>“The entire ‘<em>ani</em>’ of a coarse and lowly person is restricted
only to his substance and body. Above him is someone who feels that his
‘<em>ani</em>’ is a synthesis of body and soul. And above him is someone
who can include in his ‘<em>ani</em>’ all of his household and family.
Someone who walks according to the way of the Torah, his ‘<em>ani</em>’
includes the whole Jewish People, since in truth every Jewish person is only
like a limb of the body of the nation of Israel. In this [progression] there
are more levels for a fully developed person, who can ingrain in his soul the
feeling that the entire world is his ‘<em>ani,</em>’ and he himself is
only one small limb of all of Creation. Then, his self-love helps him love the
entire Jewish People and all of Creation.”</p>
<p>The size of a <em>neshamah</em> is the number of people they think of when
they say “<em>ani</em>” – “I”.</p>
<p>The world lost a truly great soul eighty years ago. Rav Shimon haKohein
Shkop zt”l also taught numerous <em>talmidim</em> who became leaders in
their own right – including my <em>rebbe</em> Rav Dovid Lifshitz zt”l, Rav
Elchonon Wasserman Hy”d vzt”l, Rav Chaim Shmuelevitz zt”l, Rav Yisrael
Zev Gustman zt”l (, Rav Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman (Ponevezh) zt”l and Rav
Isser Yehuda Unterman zt”l.</p>
<p>It is upon us to make sure Reb Shimon’s <em>derech</em> continues.</p>
<p><em>(The historical information in this article was taken primarily from
anonymous notes printed in </em>Sefer haYovel<em>, published in honor of the
50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Rav Shimon haKohein Shkop’s arrival at
Telshe. There is much more information on Reb Shimon’s worldview and his
introduction to </em>Shaarei Yosher<em>, in Rabbi Berger’s book, </em>Widen
Your Tent: Thoughts on Life, Integrity & Joy<em> (Mosaica Press, 2019).
Chapter 1 of that book, Reb Shimon’s introduction with translation is
publicly available on line at <</em><a
href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/ShaareiYosher.pdf"><em>http://www.aishdas.org/asp/ShaareiYosher.pdf</em></a><em>>.)</em></p>
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