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Chazal's Use of Science</title><link rel="stylesheet"
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content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body>Aspaqlaria has posted a new
item, '<a href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/chazal-science-2">Chazal's Use of
Science</a>'<br />
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<div class="pf-content"><p><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmament"
rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a> claims (following the Jewish
Encylopedia and pretty solid academic consensus):</p>
<blockquote><p>Like most ancient peoples, the Hebrews believed the sky was a
solid dome with the Sun, Moon and stars embedded in it.</p></blockquote>
<p>But I don’t think this is necessarily so.</p>
<p>It is true that there was a belief in the notion of a semi-spherical shell
around the world, that the sun travels under during the day, and then back
around and over at night among many ancient peoples. But Jewish discussion of
the idea is from an era when the Babylonians and Persians had much much more
accurate observations than the Greeks, and it is the Babylonian cosmology.
<em>Tannaim</em> (eg R’ Eliezer on Bava Basra 25a) and the earlier
Babylonian <em>amoraim</em> mapped the Torah to it, much the way rabbis today
talk about Relativity and QM in the Torah. Given that it was the dominant
science in their milieu, this was actually the rational choice. There is no
indication that this was also “Ancient Hebrew” belief on the
subject.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, in Israel, the later <em>tannaim</em> and <em>amoraim</em>
switched over to the Ptolemaic system as Ptolemy’s work took over the
scientific consensus in their region. (See Pesachim 94b) And the debate shifts
— it is taken for granted that the <em>raqia</em> is a spherical shell
around the earth, and the question they debate is whether the stars are
affixed in the raqia, or move around on their own in front of it.</p>
<p>As opposed to the many <em>rishonim</em> agreeing that all of
<em>chazal</em> held the same view, it is uniquely the position of Rabbeinu
Tam who says Rabbi Yehudah didn’t actually switch views to the Ptolemaic
system. The <em>talmud</em> in Pesachim says that he found the sages of
Athen’s words “appear to be more correct than ours”, the
sages’ of Israel’s. The idiom would usually mean that they are
indeed more correct, as can be seen. Rabbeinu Tam (as relayed by the Shitah
Mequbetzes on Kesuvos 13b) interprets the line as saying they appear more
correct, but in reality the Greek astronomy is mistaken.</p>
<p>In contrast, the more straightforward read is that of R’ Hai Gaon, R
Sherira Gaon, the Rambam, the Tosafos Rid, the Rosh, the Ritva, the
Smag….</p>
<p>In my opinion, it is more important to note the meta-issue… The
general tendency is not an assertion that the Torah is a source of scientific
theory. Chazal simply understood the <em>pesuqim</em> as per then-contemporary
science. And it is recorded in the <em>gemara</em> (except according to
Rabbeinu Tam) that they changed their opinion when a new theory came along.
Just as we today would with our contemporary science.</p>
<p>None of which means our sages thought the <em>raqia</em> was a shell
because the Torah said so. Rather, that the Torah looked to them like it was
talking about a shell they took for granted existed — because their
local scientists did. In the same way, the Rambam’s or Ralbag’s
heavily reliance on Aristotilian Natural Philosophy now seems dated. it is
likely 2,000 years from now, Jews are going to find our explaining Genesis
using General Relativity quite antiquated and misguided. Yet, it may be
appropriate for us to do so, because it is our best understanding of the world
and thus the verses.</p>
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