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href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/rupture-reconstruction-25-yrs">Rupture and
Reconstruction at 25 Years</a>'<br />
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<p>Twenty five years ago, Rabbi Dr. Haym Soloveitchik published “Rupture and
Reconstruction: The Transformation of Contemporary Orthodoxy” in Tradition
Magazine.<sup id="rf1-50068"><a title="Tradition, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Summer
1994), pp. 64-130. Available at
http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2028/No.%204/Repture%20And.pdf,
and in HTML form at
https://www.lookstein.org/professional-dev/rupture-reconstruction-transformation-contemporary-orthodoxy/
. Both retrieved on July 25, 2019." href="#fn1-50068"
rel="footnote">1</a></sup> The paper quickly became the topic of much
conversation within the Orthodox community, including being cited in 325 other
articles according to Google Scholar.<sup id="rf2-50068"><a
title="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=rupture+and+reconstruction&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
Retrieved on July 25, 2019." href="#fn2-50068"
rel="footnote">2</a></sup> Most notably, the article became a topic of
conversation in the street and in synagogue, even if sometimes in
oversimplified form.</p>
<h3>How We Know What We Know</h3>
<p>The paper addresses fundamental differences R. Dr. Soloveitchik observed in
how Orthodox Jews who grew up before the Shoah relate to Torah
and <em>halachah</em> compared to how those of us born after the relocation
of the remnants of European Jewry mostly to the United States and Israel. He
writes that this change is due to a break, a “rupture,” in the chain of
transmission that the destruction of pre-War European Jewry caused, and the
subsequent need to “reconstruct” Orthodoxy afterward.</p>
<p>A discontinuity in the life of the community as fundamental as this will
break its culture. The author uses the technical term “mimeticism” to
refer to learning by seeing, the informal transmission that occurs through
immersion in a culture. Once the chain is broken, all society can do is
produce texts that explain the ideas through a conscious exercise of formal
learning.</p>
<p>Culture can transmit very different things. We learn basic values from our
parents and the other people around us, not in classes but in watching their
actions and responses. Dr. Soloveitchik notes that the European-born Jews of
his youth, even the not-entirely observant among them, would cry in
<em>shul</em> on Yom Kippur because they felt the awe and terror of the day.
Whereas the following generations know from books that Yom Kippur is a day of
awe. If we cry, it is often part of an effort to work ourselves into feeling
that awe.</p>
<p>Through immersion, we can also pick up behaviors, not just attitudes. How
do we know how much <em>matzah</em>to eat at the <em>seder</em>? The mimetic
approach is to recall what one saw at their father’s and grandfather’s
table. The amount everyone eats must be sufficient. In contrast, today there
are numerous guides to the proper amount
of <em>matzah</em> and <em>marror</em> to consume, and numerous
<em>haggados</em> have helpful templates to measure your food against. This is
the textual approach – read up on the commentaries, responsa and other
rulings, weigh the arguments or consensus, and if you can’t, rely on an
author of a popularization who did that work for you.</p>
<p>Dr. Soloveitchik attributes our community’s general “slide to the
right” to this shift. Whereas mimeticism inherently means maintaining
society’s norms, relying on codes and halachic guides opens the door to
choosing stringency.</p>
<p>It is a neat picture, and one for which we can find precedent.</p>
<h3>Historical Ruptures and Reconstructions</h3>
<p>One could argue that something similar happened in the days after Moshe
Rabbeinu’s death. 300 laws were forgotten, and doubts arose in another 700.
Rav Avohu tells us, “החזירן עתניאל בן קנז מתוך
פלפולו – Osniel ben Kenaz restored them through his analytics.”<sup
id="rf3-50068"><a title="Temurah 16a." href="#fn3-50068"
rel="footnote">3</a></sup> Apparently this included measures and weights,
about which another gemara says, “שכחום וחזרו ויסדום –
they forgot them, and they returned and established them.”<sup
id="rf4-50068"><a title="Yoma 80a, where the restoration is credited to
Yaavetz and his beis din. The gemara in Temurah identifies Osniel ben Kenaz
with Yaavetz." href="#fn4-50068" rel="footnote">4</a></sup></p>
<p>That last phrase also appears in connection to Anshei Keneses haGdolah. The
final letters were attributed to them. The Talmud asks how can that be?
Don’t we say “אלה המצות שאין הנביא רשאי לחדש
דבר מעתה – ‘And these are the mitzvos’<sup id="rf5-50068"><a
title="Vayikra 27:34" href="#fn5-50068" rel="footnote">5</a></sup> – that
no prophet is authorized to introduce anything new from now on”? “אלא
שכחום וחזרו ויסדום – rather, they forgot, and they returned
and established them.”<sup id="rf6-50068"><a title="Shabbos 104a, Megillah
8a " href="#fn6-50068" rel="footnote">6</a></sup> It would seem that the
break in Jewish Life during the Babylonian exile caused us to lose parts of
the tradition that were only restored by formal analysis and reliance on
texts. An earlier Rupture and Reconstruction.</p>
<p>Arguable the very compilation of the Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmuds were
driven by similar ruptures in our cultural life due to persecution and
relocations, and this forced the formalization of texts to lean on. And it is
not likely coincidental that the Shulchan Aruch was the product of a refugee
of the Spanish Expulsion. The flight of Jews from Spain and Portugal ruptured
the more natural mimetic chain of transmission, and this led to a greater need
to depend on a codification of <em>halachah</em> in a text.</p>
<p>Still, I am not sure I understand the progression of this latest rupture an
reconstruction exactly the way Rabbi Dr Haym Soloveitchik does in his paper. I
would start the story earlier.</p>
<h3>Responses to Enlightenment</h3>
<p>As I alluded to above, mimeticism describes the transmission of some very
different things. The mimetic transmission of ideals, attitudes and worldview
need not go hand-in-hand with the mimetic transmission of ritual details, of
halachic rulings.</p>
<p>Before the Enlightenment, the majority of Jews lived in ghettos. Mimetic
tradition was ensured, because Jews lived among Jews, in our own communities
that retained some level of autonomy. A Jew couldn’t lose the thread of that
cultural transmission since no other culture was willing to let him enter.</p>
<p>Not shortly after the ghetto walls fell, communities founded on ideologies
emerged. German Reform was one response, but there were parallel responses
that kept people within the observant community.<sup id="rf7-50068"><a
title="I would suggest that “Orthodoxy” is less a movement than a property
a movement can have. Some of the responses to modernity have retained an
Orthodox nature; but unfortunately the larger ones have not been."
href="#fn7-50068" rel="footnote">7</a></sup> Chassidus, the Lithuanian
Yeshiva Movement, German Neo-Orthodoxy, Mussar, and others were all ideologies
that were lying within Torah but at this point in time became Isms, communal
rallying cries. They became new ways to motivate Jews to continue observing
the Torah and to find meaning in our lives. They are formalisms taken from
books to replace the natural absorption of values and responses that had
previously been accomplished by osmosis, total immersion in a Torah-based
culture. The times had changed and immersion lost its viability.</p>
<p>Mimetic transmission collapsed over centuries. The Holocaust did not begin
this process but serve as a pronounced inflection point.</p>
<p>Communities then emerged around these Isms as their enthusiasts sought
supportive peers. The Alter of Novhardok, Rav Yoseif Yoizel Horowitz,
describes the history of the relationship of the “street” – the general
Jewish community, and the “yeshiva” – the Torah as transmitted formally
and the community who studies it.<sup id="rf8-50068"><a title="Madreigas
haAdam, in the eponymous first essay." href="#fn8-50068"
rel="footnote">8</a></sup> The Alter says that the Enlightenment opened a
gap. Rav Yisrael Salanter’s innovation in the Mussar Movement was to teach
in the yeshiva that which until more recently was learned growing up in a
Jewish home, in Jewish society. This development embodies Rabbi Dr.
Soloveitchik’s thesis of rupture and reconstruction, but limited to a
rupture in the transmission of values and emotions, of <em>mussar</em>,<sup
id="rf9-50068"><a title="With a lower-case “m”, the Torah’s teachings on
character and morality. Not limited to the approach and positions of the
capital “M” Mussar Movement." href="#fn9-50068"
rel="footnote">9</a></sup> and placed back in the late
18<sup>th</sup> century.</p>
<p>The Alter’s internal depiction of the Mussar Movement’s origins was
typical of a century of such communities forming in response to the rupture
caused by Enlightenment and Emancipation.</p>
<h3>From Ideas to Practice</h3>
<p>Because newly constituted communities need ways to express their
unitingideal (and to signal membership), they necessarily shift to some degree
away from mimeticism. For example, Chassidim adopted a
new <em>nusach</em> more in line with the Ism by which they defined their
lives’ goals. They changed how they tie <em>tefillin</em>, stopped
wearing <em>tefillin</em> on <em>chol hamoed</em>, and generally prayed at
later times than previously allowed.</p>
<p>The same happened, perhaps to a lesser degree, in other such communities.
Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch eliminated Kol Nidrei as it implied to many a
loophole to making false commitments. Mussarists moved singing <em>Shalom
Aleichem</em> and <em>Aishes Chayil</em> until after the Friday night meal
began, to be compassionate to anyone who may be hungry and waiting.</p>
<p>The change away from a mimetic approach to the transmission of attitudes
and feelings slowly infiltrated practice as well. But for these other,
non-Chassidic communities, this transition happened much later, with serious
changes in practice only becoming more common about a century later, in the
latter part of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</p>
<p>Within the Yeshiva Movement, which by definition was about learning and
halachic theory, the Ism too yielded a change in practice in the late 19th
century. A century earlier, the Vilna Gaon adopted new practices that he felt
were better supported by Chazal, documented in Maaseh Rav. But these were seen
as his personal practices, and did not spread to his students until well after
his death.</p>
<p>When we get to the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik
systematized “<em>lomdus</em>” a new way to analyze and make sense
halachic texts and their differences of opinion as well as how different cases
are ruled differently. Building on the Vilna Gaon’s precedent, it became
more common to adopt rulings in line with the new understandings
that <em>lomdus</em> enabled.</p>
<p>Thus we find that the Soloveitchik family, and other Briskers, would have
two <em>matzos</em> at their <em>seder</em> table, rather than the mimetic
norm of 3, because it would be odd to mark “<em>lechem oni</em> – the
bread of the poor and oppressed” by having <strong>more </strong>than the
two one would have on Shabbos or other holidays. They do not follow the norms
of being lenient and allowing <em>chadash</em> – new grain before
the <em>omer</em> offering would have been brought, or allowing use of a
communal eruv, and so on.</p>
<p>I therefore found it quite ironic that Rabbi Dr Haym Soloveitchik, Rav
Chaim Soloveitchik’s own great-grandson and namesake, sees this trend toward
a more textual perspective on <em>halachah</em> as something that basically
started with the Shoah.</p>
<p>Despite these historical precedents, there were many people who either
didn’t actively affiliate with one of these Orthodox Movements, or who
didn’t do so to the extent that they felt comfortable adopting a different
halachic ruling or <em>minhag</em> to conform to a new Ism. The shift R. Dr.
Soloveitchik describes of the masses to the Ism-driven Orthodoxy was, indeed,
a product of the displacements of World War I and more finally, the Shoah.
Less than a discontinuity that occurred in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century,
the reconstruction was a long process that was forced to a hasty close.</p>
<h3>Recent Developments</h3>
<p>For a sizable portion of the community, the “shift to the right” has
unwound a bit in the 25 years since the paper was published. I think that with
the shift in general society from Modernism to Post-Modernism, more people are
looking for answers in places other than the Lithuanian yeshiva’s legal
formalism. We are returning to where the reconstruction began, to looking for
meaning and emotion in our Judaism through formal, textual, means. This is why
we see an exploration of Chassidus in Yeshivish and Modern Orthodox circles,
coming from an interest in textually rebuilding on the aggadic side. Without
this interest in <em>aggada</em>, a more legally oriented textualism would
naturally develop a practice based on ensuring that every formalism is met. In
the past decades, for increasing numbers of people, <em>pesak</em>, decisions
of practice, are increasingly based on whether a textually justified position
has meaning within the adopted motivational ideology.</p>
<p>The genie cannot be put back in the bottle and the ghetto wall cannot be
rebuilt. About a year ago, I was walking the streets of the Beit Yisrael
neighborhood in Jerusalem, a comparatively isolated Chareidi enclave. Still, I
heard a boy notice a stuffed representation of “Chase” – a policeman dog
from a popular children’s television show – and ask his mother for one, by
name.</p>
<p>Even if we rebuild mimetic transmission of
both <em>halachah</em> and <em>aggadita</em>, future generations will be
exposed to cultural influences in a manner our ancestors in ghettos were not.
The increased role of texts must be a permanent fixture of Jewish culture.
This underlies the observation made in recent generations that our
community’s survival requires near universal Jewish Education for 12 years
or more.</p>
<p>We cannot return to the same levels of reliance on mimeticism; as the Alter
of Novhardok put it, where the Jewish street fails, there is still the
yeshiva. But we must recognize where the collapse of mimeticism all began –
with a need to find an alternate way to live inspired lives focused on
meaning. Our search for preserving <em>halachah</em> without being able to
rely on <em>minhag</em> and mimetic transmission of practice came only as a
consequence. To formally construct a core about which future Judaism can
endure, we cannot be satisfied with the textual study of proper observance. We
also must commit ourselves to providing lifelong programming of formal
education in values, attitudes, and emotions.</p>
</div>
<p><em>(This article originally appeared on Torah Musings, and the improved
readability over my usual fare is due to the deft hand of Rabbi Gil Student.
For which I’m very grateful.)</em></p>
<div class="cleanprint-include"><hr class="footnotes" />
<ol class="footnotes">
<li id="fn1-50068">
<p>Tradition, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp. 64-130. Available at <a
href="http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2028/No.%204/Repture%20And.pdf">http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2028/No.%204/Repture%20And.pdf</a>,
and in HTML form at <a
href="https://www.lookstein.org/professional-dev/rupture-reconstruction-transformation-contemporary-orthodoxy/">https://www.lookstein.org/professional-dev/rupture-reconstruction-transformation-contemporary-orthodoxy/</a> .
Both retrieved on July 25, 2019. <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to
footnote 1 in the text." href="#rf1-50068"><img class="emoji"
draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn2-50068">
<p><a
href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=rupture+and+reconstruction&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart">https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=rupture+and+reconstruction&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart</a> Retrieved
on July 25, 2019. <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 2 in the
text." href="#rf2-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn3-50068">
<p>Temurah 16a. <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 3 in the
text." href="#rf3-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn4-50068">
<p>Yoma 80a, where the restoration is credited to Yaavetz and his beis din.
The gemara in Temurah identifies Osniel ben Kenaz with Yaavetz. <a
class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 4 in the text."
href="#rf4-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn5-50068">
<p>Vayikra 27:34 <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 5 in the
text." href="#rf5-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn6-50068">
<p>Shabbos 104a, Megillah 8a <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to
footnote 6 in the text." href="#rf6-50068"><img class="emoji"
draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn7-50068">
<p>I would suggest that “Orthodoxy” is less a movement than a property a
movement can have. Some of the responses to modernity have retained an
Orthodox nature; but unfortunately the larger ones have not been. <a
class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 7 in the text."
href="#rf7-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn8-50068">
<p>Madreigas haAdam, in the eponymous first essay. <a class="backlink"
title="Jump back to footnote 8 in the text." href="#rf8-50068"><img
class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn9-50068">
<p>With a lower-case “m”, the Torah’s teachings on character and
morality. Not limited to the approach and positions of the capital “M”
Mussar Movement. <a class="backlink" title="Jump back to footnote 9 in the
text." href="#rf9-50068"><img class="emoji" draggable="false"
src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/svg/21a9.svg" alt="<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/12.0.0-1/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />"
/></a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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