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<div class="pf-content"><p>The Shulchan Arukh opens with a discussion of the
proper attitude upon awakening and some of the fundamentals of
Judaism.</p><p>And so, the Arukh haShulchan does as well. In Orach Chaim 1:4,
R Yechiel Michl Epstein writes something about how we are to view ourselves.
That it should be evident to anyone of some intellect that a person is both
body and soul. While the idea may sound self-evident, it’s not the only
way to define the self, as we will see later.</p><p>First, though, the Arukh
haShulchan (translation adapted from WikiSource):</p><p class="he" dir="rtl"
lang="he" style="padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px;">וכל בר דעת
יש לו להבין: כמו שאם נראה מלך בשר ודם בונה
בנין יקר המורכב משני הפכים, שבנה בתוכו
אבנים יקרות שוהם וישפה וכל אבן יקרה, וגם
מטיט ועפר, היעלה על הדעת שתכלית כוונת המלך
הוא לשם הטיט והעפר? ובודאי התכלית של הבנין
הם האבנים היקרות, והטיט והעפר אינם אלא
לחיזוק הבנין. כמו כן מלך מלכי המלכים הקדוש
ברוך הוא, שברא את האדם מורכב מנשמה טהורה
שהיא חלק אלוה ממעל, והיא תשוב אל האלהים
אחרי מותו, וגם מגוף עב שהוא טיט ועפר, היעלה
על הדעת שהתכלית הוא הטיט והעפר? וכל הסובר
כן אינו אלא כסיל ומשוגע. וזהו שאמר עקביא בן
מהללאל: הסתכל בשלושה דברים ואין אתה בא לידי
עבירה: דע מאין באת, ולאן אתה הולך… כלומר:
הנשמה היא חלק אלוה ממעל ותשוב למקורה.
ולהיפך הגוף: מאין באת? מטיפה סרוחה. ולאן אתה
הולך? למקום עפר רמה ותולעה. ובזה הבירור
שהתכלית הוא הנפש האלהית. ולכן קודם כל צריך
האדם לדעת יסודי תורתינו הקדושה והטהורה.</p><p
class="en" lang="en" style="padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px;">Anyone
possessing intelligence should understand:</p><p class="en" lang="en"
style="padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px;">Just like if you see a human
king building a grand palace, you will notice opposites among the construction
materials. There will be precious stones, such as jasper and onyx, as well as
other fine materials. There will also be cement, clay, and earth. Does one
think that the intent of the king is for the clay and earth? Of course not!
Certainly the purpose of the building is to showcase the fine materials and
precious stones, while the cement, clay, and earth only serve to strengthen
the structure.</p><p class="en" lang="en" style="padding-left: 40px;
padding-right: 40px;">Similarly, the King of Kings the Holy One blessed be He
created man from a pure spiritual soul which is a part of the divine, and she
returns to G-d after death. And as for the biological material that the body
is made of, which in reality is no different than clay and earth, can anyone
think that the purpose of man is for that material? Anyone who thinks so can
only be a fool, and not in his right mind.</p><p class="en" lang="en"
style="padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px;">This, then, is what Akavia
ben Mahalalel meant when he said (<a class="refLink"
href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.3.1" data-ref="Pirkei Avot
3:1">Pirkei Avos 3:1</a>) “Look to three things and you will not come to
sin. Know where you came from, where you are going…” – this
means the soul, which is a part of the divine and will return to its source,
and it’s opposite, the body: “where you came from…”
– from a fetid drop (of seminal fluid). “…and to where are
you going…” – To a place of earth and the worm. Here too,
the explanation is that the purpose of man is his G-dly soul. Therefore, since
one’s purpose is G-dliness and matters of the soul, before all else a
person needs to know the foundation concepts of our holy and pure Torah.</p><p
lang="en">Rav Yechiel Michl defines as person as a single being made of
“fine materials and precious stones” alongside “cement,
clay, and earth”. The palace that is a human being is both soul AND
body.</p><p lang="en">But as I said, our <em>mesorah </em>also utilizes a
different model. Here’s the most relevant parts of what I wrote on the
section in sec. 5.2 of <a title="buy it on Amazon"
href="https://amzn.to/2TwheFU" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Widen
Your Tent</a> “גוף ונפש — Body and
Soul”:</p><blockquote><p lang="en">There is a machlokes, a dispute among
the Sages, as to how to view man. One side, found often among works of mussar,
views a person as a soul who inhabits a body, or perhaps controls it as a
rider upon a donkey. As Elifaz describes humanity in the Book of Iyov,
“<em>shochnei batei chomer </em>—dwellers in homes of matter.” (Iyov
4:19) When Rav Yitzchak Isaac Sher (in the introduction to Cheshbon haNefesh)
speaks of man’s physical side being an animal, he means that description to
be quite literal, not merely like an animal. Since much of our yetzer hara
comes from our living in a mammalian body, Rav Sher recommends that the very
same strategies one uses for taming and being able to use the eyesight of a
bird, the strength of an ox, the load-bearing abilities of a donkey, or the
speed of a horse, are applicable to gaining mastery over our bodies. Like any
other animal,<br />a person’s animal soul has no ability to plan toward a
goal, it simply responds to whatever urge is most triggered in the moment. The
animal soul must be saddled by the G-dly soul and guided. And Rabbi Sher
points out with the example of a trained elephant, “next to whom a person
like his trainer seems little more than an ant,” to maximize its utility it
must neither be overburdened or neglected, nor underused and allowed to remain
wild—and this is how we are to treat our body and our animal souls. Last and
most importantly, either an animal nor the animal within can be educated, but
trained through habit and acclimation.</p><p lang="en">This idea is a key
symbol in the Gra’s interpretation system—whenever Chazal include a
<em>chamor</em> — donkey in a narrative, it is generally a symbol for the
person’s <em>chomer</em> — physicality…</p><p lang="en">In this
viewpoint, a person is a rider of an animal, or to use a metaphor that may
resonate better with our more modern lifestyles—the soul who is wearing a
body. Another perspective of the neshamah-body relationship includes the body
in the definition of person. Rather than a person’s more human side that
rides his body as a master over an animal, in this model man is seen as a
fusion of body and soul. For example, the Gemara explains one purpose of the
eventual resurrection of the dead by comparing a sinner to a blind man and a
lame man who conspire to steal fruit from an orchard. (Sanhedrin 91b) They are
caught and brought to court, but each of the accused claims innocence. The
blind man says he must be innocent, for he was incapable of even finding the
fruit, never mind stealing them. The lame man also claims innocence; after
all, he had no way to reach it. Neither alone could commit the theft, so each
of the accused points to the other as the critical element for the sin, the
guilty party. The judge responds by putting one atop the other, recreating the
unit that was capable of sin, and judges the pair. So too, the Gemara
explains, the soul could claim it couldn’t have sinned without the body
giving it the opportunity for action, and the body could claim that the
planning and execution of the sin are the fault of the soul. In order to judge
us for our sins, Hashem will bodily resurrect the sinner to reconstruct the
person as they were then.</p><p lang="en">As the Ramchal writes, “Man is
different from any other creature. He is a combination of two completely
diverse and dissimilar elements, namely, the body and soul.” (Derech Hashem
3:1:1)</p><p lang="en"><strong>The dispute is not necessarily about which is
true; it could well be that both definitions of “person” are equally
valid. The dispute is more a prescriptive one: When is it more productive to
think of my physical aspect as an outsider, seeing the conflict as “I want
to do this, but my body is dragging me in that direction”? Framing the pull
to something less idealistic as something imposed by someone else could weaken
the relative weight I would give the call of physical drives. And when am I
better off not thinking of myself as purely soul, because then I’m not fully
blaming myself for “stealing the
fruit”?</strong></p></blockquote></div><br />
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