<html><head><title>[Aspaqlaria] Mysticism and Rationalism: Part I - History</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/wp-content/themes/twentyeleven/style.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /></head><body>Aspaqlaria has posted a new item, '<a href="http://www.aishdas.org/asp/2013/06/mysticism-rationalism-1.shtml">Mysticism and Rationalism: Part I - History</a>'<br />
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<p>I have been exposed to many misunderstandings in online conversations that revolve around the issue of Mysticism and Rationalism as competing strains in Jewish Thought. Including the idea that these accurate describe streams of Jewish Thought altogether. But first, I want to challenge the notion that the popularization of Qabbalah is somehow a byproduct of the Maimonidian Controversy, an “equal and opposite reaction” to what some saw as the excesses of the Rambam’s Rationalism.</p>
<p>The <em>nevi’im</em> clearly spoke and taught an esoteric aspect of Torah. Aside from the obvious evidence in places like the Maaseh haMerkavah in the beginning of Yechezqeil, the short description by Yeshaiah, or the Man in the Throne in Shemos, it is logically compelled that there be an esoteric element to the prophetic tradition. After all, the <em>nevu’ah</em> is a state of awareness not experienced by the masses. Any discussion of how to get beyond the first steps, what it was like, etc… has to be opaque to the masses. It’s not only like describing music to the deaf by using comparison and contrasts to color, it is trying to do so in sign language.</p>
<p>From the prophetic tradition evolved the Sifrei Heikhalos. These describe the “palaces” of heaven, guided meditations that would help someone up the various levels from earth to heaven, allowing the practitioner to approach G-d. These too are filled with physical imagery describing what most of us haven’t experienced and aren’t currently equipped to experience. So we know the descriptions are metaphoric; and yet I presume to the initiate they really capture what they’re trying to describe.</p>
<p>One more famous example is the Shi’ur Qomah by Rabbi Yishma’el, actually self-described as being revealed by the angel Metatron to the <em>tanna</em>. This attribution is more accepted than some others. For example, Gershon Shalom (Jewish Gnosticism, pg 40) gives it <em>tannaitic</em> or at the latest <em>amoraic</em> origins. The book describes G-d in anthropomorphic terms, describing dimensions and each of the limbs of this Divine Form. How the <em>rishonim</em> respond to the text is illustrative.</p>
<p>The Rambam is so sure it’s heretical, he describes the <i>Shi’ur Qomah</i> as a Byzantine forgery (Teshuvos haRambam, Blau, 1:201).</p>
<p>R’ Saadia Gaon (Egypt 882/892 – Baghdad 942) took the approach I implied above, that the book should be read in the same light as the Maaseh haMerkavah. Which means the dispute over Who is the Man in the Throne — whether it’s a symbol to represent the Divine created out of the mind of the perceiver or a created being that is the embodiment of Hashem’s Glory (the <em>Kavod Nivra</em>) — would apply to the Shi’ur Komah as well. (R’ Saadia himself holds the latter with respect to Maaseh haMerkavah. See my earlier discussion in <a href="http://www.aishdas.org/mesukim/5764/mishpatim.pdf" target="_blank">Mesukim MiDevash: Mishpatim</a>.)</p>
<p>Meanwhile, there is a second esoteric tradition that speaks an entirely different language, as found in the numbers, letters, phonetics and combinatorics of Seifer haYetzirah. Tradition attributes the book to Adam, Avraham <em>avinu</em>, or R’ Aqiva, (R’ Moshe Cordevero says the latter, although he also suggests a hybrid solution — written by Avraham, redacted to its published form by Rabbi Aqiva.) But fortunately, when the book was published and studied is more important for our conversation than when it was written. We’re looking at streams of thought, not the birthplace of an idea in obscurity. Rabbi Aqiva’s interest in Seifer haYetzirah brings its topics to the fore, to the discussion of Jewish Thought.</p>
<p>Rav Saadia Gaon wrote a commentary to Seifer haYetzirah using a system of Hebrew phonetics he himself devised, mapping it to concepts in a more Aristotelian philosophy system. Our first hint that the mystical and rationalist perspectives on things didn’t historically stand apart. R’ Saadia Gaon sees its discussion in terms of number, geometry and form preceding actual object, and its description of the various names of G-d as applying the various Aristotilian categories to our perception of Him.</p>
<p>The first publication of what we today think of as Qabbalah is when these two streams merge in the Bahir, originally called after its author, Medrash R’ Nechunya ben Haqanah (1st cent CE). Although part of the work does also refer to the Teverian vowel system, which didn’t exist until the Geonic period. For our purposes, we merely note its publication date, Provence 1126.</p>
<p>This is when the public becomes aware of the idea of combining the 10 sefirot, numbers, of the tradition represented by the Yetzirah with the angelology of the Heikhalot. For the first time the sefirot are channels which conduct Divine Influence down to creation, and angels in their own right.</p>
<p>The ninth method, the most favorable method, of which the seventh and eighth methods are a part is that of the Torah. The discussion of this topic is initiated in the beginning of the account of creation. This is that the Wise One created instantaneously the fire, air, water, and dust and everything that is in them, all of their contents and all of their forms. As it is said, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth (<a href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#1">Bereishis 1:1</a>)… As the sages explained in relation to this, when <i>Beit Hillel</i> and<i> Beit Shammai</i> were arguing (Mishnah Chagigah 12:1), one said that heaven was created first and the other earth, while the view of the majority and of the sages was that they were both created at the same time.</p><br />
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